參考文獻MLA格式

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借用他人的思想,引用他人的話在寫論文時不可避免,這個時候我們就要寫參考文獻,看看下面的吧!

參考文獻MLA格式

參考文獻MLA格式

 一、 引文的格式

引文的格式可採用文中夾註、腳註和尾註的形式。MLA和APA格式不採用腳註或尾註,而使用文中夾註的形式,MLA格式要求標明作者的.姓和頁數,它們之間沒有逗號。APA要求括號裡標明作者姓名、出版日期,引文的其他資訊可在參考文獻中找到。

1 文中夾註(Parenthetical Citation)

1)引文較短時,要用雙引號括起來,引文與正文融為一體。如果作者已在文中出現,註釋中就不再列作者的名字。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)

2)當引文較長時(四行或超過四行),引文要另起一段,縮排五個空格,不用引號。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).

3)多個作者在第二次被提到時可用第一個作者的姓加et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized(Brown et al.1978).

4)引文是翻譯材料時要註明最初出版時間和翻譯時間。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.

(Osthoff and Brugman 1878(1967):204)

2 腳註(Footnotes)

腳註寫在該頁最後一行下面數四行的位置。如果該頁有兩個以上的腳註,腳註之間需要隔行。在正文中的引語(直接或間接)處的上方標上阿拉伯數字,腳註也標上相應的數字。註釋要包括作者姓名、書名、出版地、出版社、出版時間及頁碼。

1. The materials used in the class consisted of two texts-a vocabulary building text and an advanced reading text-and the SRA Kit2

2. SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to 12. The kit contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on reading and study skills.

3. 尾註(Endnotes)

尾註要另起一頁,放在該章的最後一頁,標上Notes,隔行列印。引語處的上方要標上阿拉伯數字,尾註也同樣標出相應的數字。

Notes

1. Emily Bronte(Ellis Bell, pseud.), Wuthering Heights(London, 1850).

2. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach To Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no. 28(1979):22.

二、 參考文獻(Bibliography)

APA格式建議使用references一詞。當使用references時,列出的作者和作品一定是在文中提到過的。Bibliography可包括文中提到的作者或作品,也包括相關的閱讀的材料。MLA形式要求用List of Works Cited。

參考文獻的條目要按字母順序排列,不用阿拉伯數字標示。隔行列印。每個條目要從左開始,同屬一個作者時,後面幾行要縮排三個空格。

書目的寫法包括四項:作者、日期、書名和出版社。作者項裡先寫出作者的姓,名字用首字母,名和姓間用逗號隔開。如果超過兩個作者,最後一個作者前用&,所有的作者的姓和名都要顛倒。

APA形式把日期放在名後,其前後都有句號。書名的第一個字母要大寫,用斜體或下劃線。如果有小標題,用冒號把大標題和小標題隔開。

Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MLA也包括這四項,只是順序不同。它的時間放在後面。當有兩個以上的作者時,只顛倒第一個作者的名字。

Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985

在標註雜誌或期刊時,註明年月,年在前,月在後,由逗號隔開。月份要求會拼。標題的第一個字母要大寫,用單引號。還要提供具體的頁數。

Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22

Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.

Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter(eds.): Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press. (論文集中的一篇)

MLA形式要求標題的所有詞的首字母大寫。

摘引報紙:

Greene, Bob.“What’s Bad For General Motors?”. Chicago Tribune 24 December, 1991:2.1(MLA格式)