1、TITLE標題
既然是標題,不言而喻,就要力求新穎、簡明、扼要,例如以下幾個例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌腫疼痛方法的進展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自顯影半劑量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane彌散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子與實膜過氧物酶部位所接觸的機會越多。
有些雜誌,某些作者除採用正標題之外,還採用副標題,這種情況在國外刊物上的各類論文中可謂俯拾即是。採用副標題,一般是在正標題過於簡單、籠統的情況下,起到補充和系統說明正題等的作用,或是要強調某一個方面或幾個方面,以其引起讀者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用藥一系列評價和資料分析(補充正題)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes醫學新聞:輔助性化學療法對伴有淋巴結轉移的奏效(說明上題)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解決的問題:吸菸者患肺癌少嗎?(提醒人們注意吸菸者患肺癌的數量增加)。
有時,為了避免標題太長而使用縮寫詞。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)長效甲狀腺刺激素和長效甲狀腺刺激素保護物對人體甲狀腺甙酸環化酶活性的作用。考慮文章較長,可在統一的標題下,用不同的副標題分成若干相對獨立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影響個人對慢性疾病適應能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技術學;(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭關係;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL發展水平(研究標準);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化價值和信仰。
2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)
這部分是對整篇文章的高度概括或濃縮,故要簡單、明瞭。常用的詞彙和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。運用這些動詞,所採用的時態通常是一般過去時和現在完成時。被動語態也屢見不鮮,常見有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+時間;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。結尾時常用的表達方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:
Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord body is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者採用ELISA對正常人的血清、臍帶血清和羊水中的抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體進行了測定。其結果有一定規律:抗體在胎生期首先出現,分娩時濃度達高峰,而後隨年齡增長逐漸降至正常水平。故測定該抗體對地方克汀病之診斷有一定意義。
3、INTRODUCTION引言
本項除課題意義外,主要涉獵前人研究情況的評述及本研究的目的,後兩者有時分別列出。茲分述如下:
3.1、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK
以往研究評論 還有用其它題目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文獻評述),LITERATURE CITED(文獻引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(過去的某些設計),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而這些資料引文的重點要放在引述與本文有關的以往研究的結果,否則會喧賓奪主。句式常有 ed(reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .還有若干不同的其它表達方法,寫在下邊:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT) was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一項研究分析了乙醯水揚酸對尿毒症第一期出血的影響,測定了出血的時間。我們發現,同樣劑量的ASA均可延長出血時間,而尿毒症受驗者比對照受驗者要多。這提示尿毒症的血小板對ASA的抑制更具敏感性。這可能是由於ASA的藥物動力學和生物可用性不同所致。
3.2、OBJECTIVES目的
這一條還可寫作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有時OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之內,而獨立列為一項。多采用開門見山,直接點出目的方式。常見的用語有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ;The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在於提示肺阻抗圖是早期肺心病和甲狀腺機能亢進的鑑別診斷方法之一。
4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、裝置和試驗程式
這一部分內容須視論文的類別而有所不同,但就該題目而論,則多系試驗研究和技術報告一類。還可以用以下名稱等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(試驗與裝置),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(試驗過程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(試驗描述),或者只寫PROCEEDURE(過程),及METHODS(方法),較常見的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…參加本研究的有:(a)18例無尿慢性腎衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年齡為46歲,年齡範圍為24～69歲… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的試驗裝置由一個配有測溫感測器和記錄器的小櫃組成。
5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION結果和討論
這個專案是全文的重點,其篇幅約佔整個文章的一半或三分之二。它將對研究、試驗、觀察等結果加以分析和討論,其中包括曲線、圖表和照片等。大都採用分題逐一討論的方法。常用語有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ;It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我們的.結果已經說明,T細胞缺失對預防GVHD有效。
6、CONCLUSION結論
其它的表達方法還有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小結及結論),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(結論與建議)。常用語有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…對這類手術方法的改進可作下述改進…
7、ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感謝
這項的常用語是:We acknowledge with… ;Thisstudy was supported by… ,We thank…for… ;Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor y for his valuable suggestionsand thank also m for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和單位,而前者多用於人,後者多用於單位。有時,在這一項之後還有一行內容:Correspondence should be addresed toL.S.F MRC Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22 QH這是表示致函的地點和單位。
8、REFERENCES參考文獻
參考文獻的寫法有多種,但都有一定格式。無論採用哪一種,前後要一致。眾所周知,列出參考文獻是為了檢視或查證與文章敘述或引用部分有關的資料。通常的辦法是在論文中的引用部分按出現的先後順序編上號碼。參考文獻要按號碼順序排列。每一條書目要包拓以下幾個內容:作者姓名、書名、出版者和出版年份、頁數等。也可以不按文中引用先後編號,而按作者姓氏的字母順序排列,而出版年份緊跟在姓名之後。例:
文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1]-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。
如上所述,我們把參考的文獻,按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,寫在下面:ouse,A.D(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Michael Wallace,et al.(eds)New Developments in ridge University k,Max(1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering(d elbaum)rd University on,C.W(1972a)Principles of York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Science,May1972,PP.52～68,(1972b)ibid,PP.72～74注意:(1)若文章選自一本論文集,則先寫作者姓名、篇目,然後另起一句註明該文集的編輯者姓名及文集名稱。如不另起一句,中間要用逗號。ed,eds分別為editor和editors的縮寫。(2)作者姓名和書名一般不用逗號隔開。而書名和出版社之間用句號分開。每條書目的最後用逗號,也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出書籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分別是page和pages的縮寫,ibid意為“同上”。(5)若論文多次引出同一篇文章,則可以引文後面寫上作者的姓名和文章、書籍的出版年份,並註上頁次,前後用括號括上,如(Nelson,1972,P.123)。如果出現引用同一作者,同一年份的幾本著作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示區別,如(Nels on,1972a,P.123),(Nelson,1972b,PP.52～68)。
9、APPENDIX附錄、補遺
這一項包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符號及定義表),NOME NCLATURE(技術術語表),等。如何用英語撰寫醫學論文,筆者認為,對很多作者來說,耗時最多的工作不是本文所談及的,而應是紮紮實實地搞好平時的英語學習和閱讀;加強文學修養及本專業知識的學習、提高和更新等。如果做好這些工作,用英語撰寫醫學論文,並且撰寫較高水平論文的問題便會迎刃而解。