關於英語語法的主語從句

才智咖 人氣:1.64W

英語語法是針對英語語言進行研究後,系統地總結歸納出來的一系列語言規則。英語語法的精髓在於掌握語言的使用。以下是小編整理的關於英語語法的主語從句,一起來看看吧。

關於英語語法的主語從句

一.主語從句

主語從句是在複合句中充當主語的從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結構,主語從句的連線詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調,無論強調的是什麼成分,都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如: It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film. It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.

2. 用it 作形式主語的結構

(1) It is +名詞+從句 It is a fact that … 事實是… It is an honor that …非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that …是常識

(2) it is +形容詞+從句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是…

(3) it is +不及物動詞+從句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧…

(4) it +過去分詞+從句 It is reported that… 據報道… It has been proved that… 已證實…

3. 主語從句不可位於句首的五種情況

(1) if 引導的主語從句不可居於複合句句首。

(2) It is said , (reported) …結構中的主語從句不可提前。

例如: It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)

(3) It happens…, It occurs… 結構中的主語從句不可提前。

例如: It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)

(4) It doesn't matter how/whether …結構中的主語從句不可提前。

例如: It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (wrong)

(5) 含主語從句的複合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前。

例如: Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)

4. What 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別

What 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分,如主語.賓語.表語,而that 則不然。例如:

1) What you said yesterday is right.

2) That she is still alive is a consolation.

二、定語從句

定語從句是由關係代詞和關係副詞引導的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分,定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。

(一) 限定性定語從句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關係詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關係代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置。

2. which作賓語時,根據先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關係,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟。

3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略

4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語

5. where是關係副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句

6. when引導定語從句表示時間[注]值得一提的是,表示時間“time

7. whose是關係代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當於所修飾成分的前置所有格

8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導。

(二)非限定性定語從句:

非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉後其他部分仍可成立

1. which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分

2. 在引導限定性定語從句時,that有時相當於in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出於某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。

3. 有時as也可用作關係代詞

4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.

定語從句及相關術語

1.定語從句:修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞後面。

2.關係詞:引導定語從句的關聯詞成為關係詞關係詞有關係代詞和關係副詞。關係代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關係副詞有where, when, why等。關係詞常有3個作用:1,引導定語從句。2,代替先行詞。3,在定語從句中擔當一個成分。

二.關係代詞引導的定語從句

指人,在從句中做主語

(1) The boys who are playing football arefromClass One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意:關係代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3. which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.

比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.

如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.

比如: He is the man who has an English book.

4. that指人時,相當於who或者whom;指物時,相當於which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen e指物時,常用以下結構來代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

【拓展】定於從句和賓語從句區分

定語從句

定語從句是修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句,被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。

(1)由That引導,(指人或物),先行詞是人或物;

(2)由Who引導,(指人),先行詞是人;

(3)由Which引導,(指物),先行詞是物;

舉例說明(1)(2):This is the engineer that/who will give us a talk.

特殊情況:引導詞只能用That而不用其他。

<1>被序數詞或最高階修飾的先行詞後邊,只能用That;

e.g:This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.

Xiao Ming is the first forginer that I have know.

<2>先行詞是不定代詞的必須用That;

注意:定語從句中的謂語動詞形式與先行詞的人稱和數保持一致。(這裡所說的數是單數或複數形式要與第幾人稱一致)

賓語

賓語從句就是陳述句語序,賓語從句就是由直接引語變為間接引語,或由間接引語變為直接引語。

(1)由That引導(在句子中常被省略)

例:The boy said to this mother “I want to buy a bag.”

這個男孩對他媽媽說,我想買個書包。(直接引語)

The boy told this mother (that) he wanted to a bag.

男孩告訴他的媽媽說,他想買個書包。(間接引語)

直接引語變為間接引語時裡的動詞會有變化,變化方式:

直接引語————間接引語

一般現在時——一般過去時

現在進行時——過去進行時

現在完成時——過去完成時

一般過去時——過去完成時

過去完成時——過去完成時

一般將來時——過去將來時

二、由If或Whether引導(是不是、是否,If在連線賓語從句時是這個意思;連線條件狀語從句時,假如、如果)

例:The teacher asked “do you know his name”.(直接引語)

The teacher asked me if (或Whether)I knew his name.(間接引語)

(注意直接引語變為間接引語動詞的時態變化)

特殊情況:只能用Whether,而不能用If。

(1)放在動詞不定式前邊時:

例:I can't decide whether to buy this pen or that one.

(2)放在介詞後邊時:

例:I worry about(介詞)whether I can pass the exam.

(3)與“or not”連用時:(一般情況這倆詞都是句尾)

例:I don't whether I can help you or not.

三、由疑問詞引導的直接引語(原句是特殊疑問句)

例:The teacher asked Liu Xiang “What time is it?”(直接引語)

The teacher asked Liu Xiang what time it was.(間接引語)

注意:(時態搭配關係:主句是一般現在時態,從句根據需要可使用任何時態,主句是一般過去時態,從句必須是過去時態中的一種。)

特殊情況:如果賓語從句表示的是一種客觀性真理(比如:世界上有一個太陽,有一個地球......)這是賓語從句,主句是一般過去時態的情況下從句仍然是一般現在時態。

If可能連線的是賓語從句也可能是條件狀語從句,連的賓語時意思是(是不是;是否)連的是條件狀語從句時意思是(假如,如果),連線賓語從句時,時態搭配關係以寫出,連線條件狀語從句時,主句是一般將來時態,從句是一般現在時態,區分它連的是賓語從句還是條件狀語從句,If放在動詞後邊時,這是連線的賓語從句,其他位置即是條件狀語從句。

表語從句

一、何謂“表語”?

說到表語從句,就不得不先說說什麼是“表語”。

表語是英語區別於漢語所特有的一種詞類,是起表述作用的句子成分:

從形式上講,它是位於系動詞之後的成分;

從含義上講,它是用來描述主語“是什麼或是怎麼樣”的成分。

表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特徵和狀態的。表語必須和系動詞一起構成系表結構,作為句子的複合謂語。表語通常由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、不定式、形容詞化的`現在分詞或過去分詞以及從句來充當。

二、何謂“表語從句”?

當句子的表語由從句來充當時,這個從句就叫做表語從句。

表語從句一般都是位於系動詞之後的。

三、表語從句的連線詞

常用來引導表語從句的連線詞主要有:

that

whether

what/who/whom/whose/which

when/where/why/how及其短語

(一)that

當that引導表語從句時,只起連線作用,不在表語從句中充當任何句子成分。如:

His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.

Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thieffromrunning away.

【注意】

當名詞主語是表示建議、命令、要求等含義(如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等)時,其表語從句中的謂語動詞一般要採用“should+do”的形式,should可以省略。如:

The officer's order was that all the soldiers (should) never surrender to the enemy.

(二)whether

當表語從句要表達“是否”的含義時,連線詞要用whether。如:

His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.

需要注意的是,儘管if也可以表示“是否”的含義,但在表語從句中只能用whether,不能用if。

(三)what/who/whom/whose/which

這些疑問代詞如果用來連線表語從句,既起著連線作用,同時又在從句中充當句子成分,可以作主語、賓語、定語等。如:

My concern is what he really expects to getfromus.

Her question is who has broken the glass.

Our dilemma is which side we should take.

Their worry is whom she can rely on.

His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.

(四)when/where/why/how及其短語

這些疑問副詞如果用來連線表語從句,既起著連線作用,同時又在從句中充當句子成分,一般作狀語。如:

The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.

He remains where I was last night.

That's why he was late for school this morning.

Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.

【注意】

當主語是reason時,表語從句要用that連線,而不是because。如:

The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.

四、表語從句的特殊連線詞

除了以上常見的連線詞外,還有一些特殊的連線詞可以用來連線表語從句。

(一)(just) as

表示“正如”,經常與表象系動詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如:

She looks just as she was ten years ago.

(二)as if/though

表示“好像”,也常與表象系動詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如:

It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.

【注意】

這種情況下,as if/though後面的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般採用虛擬語氣形式,其用法是:該謂語動詞的時態要採用相應的過去時態。如:

She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.

They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.

(三)because

前面講到why可以用來連線表語從句,其實because也可以用來連線表語從句。如:

She is very familiar with the film. This is because she has already seen the film.

【注意】

在這種情況下,儘管since/for/as都可以表示原因,但這三個詞不能用來連線表語從句。

【拓展】

名詞性從句相當於名詞,可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此,名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。

一、引導名詞性從句的連線詞

1. 連線代詞:who, whose, whom, what, which.有詞義,在從句中擔任成分,如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。

2. 連線副詞:when, where, why, how.有詞義,在從句中擔任成分,作狀語。

3. 連線詞:that, whether, if, as 無詞義,在從句中不擔任成分,有時可省略;if (whether), as if雖有詞義,但在從句中不擔任成分。

注意:連線代詞與連線副詞在句中不再是疑問句,因而從句中謂語不用疑問式。連線代詞與連線副詞在從句充當句子成分,連線詞whether 和if(是否),as if(好像)在從句中不充當句子成分,只起連線作用。根據句義,如果連線代詞與連線副詞,whether、if 和as if都用不上時,才用that作連線詞(that本身無任何含義)。

二、主語從句

1. 主語從句在複合句作主語。

e.g. Who will go is not important.

2. 用it作形式主語,主語從句放在句末。

e.g. It doesn‘t matter so much whether you will come or not.

3. that引導主語從句時,不能省略。

e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.

三、表語從句

1. 表語從句在複合句中作表語,位於系動詞之後。

e.g. The question was who could go there.

2. 引導表語從句的連線詞that有時可省去。

e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.

四、賓語從句

1. 賓語從句在複合句中作賓語。引導賓語從句的連詞that一般可省略。

e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.

2. 介詞之後的賓語從句,不可用which或if連線,要分別用what或 whether.

e.g. I’m interested in whether you‘ve finished the work……

I’m interested in what you‘ve said.

3. whether與if都可以引導賓語從句,常可互換。但下面情況不能互換。

(1)賓語從句是否定句時,只用if,不用whether.

e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.

(2)用if 會引起誤解,就要用whether.

e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易當成條件句理解)

(3)賓語從句中的whether 與or not直接連用,就不能換成if;不直接連用,可換。

e.g. I don‘t know whether or not the report is true.

I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.

(4)介詞後的賓語從句要用whether引導。whether 可與不定式連用。whether也可引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句,還可引導讓步狀語從句,以上均不能換成if.但引導條件從句時,只能用if,而不能用whether.

e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.

They don‘t know whether to go there.

Please come to see me if you have time.

五、同位語從句

同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語,一般位於該名詞(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之後,說明該名詞的具體內容。

e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.

The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.