主語是句子敘述的主體，可由名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞和主語從句等來承擔。 謂語說明主語所發出的動作或具有的特徵和狀態。謂語由動詞來承擔。
賓語是動作的物件或承受者，常位於及物動詞或介詞後面。賓語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞、賓語從句等來擔任。
定語是句子中修飾名詞，代詞或其它名詞化的詞。
狀語是修飾動詞短語、形容詞短語、副詞短語、分句以至句子的成分。狀語根據語義可分為時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結構狀語、程度狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、方式狀語、方面狀語、伴隨狀語和句子狀語。
定語則屬於短語內部修飾名詞的成分，與名詞或相當於名詞詞類的中心詞構成名詞短語，有前置定語和後置定語之分。名詞短語、形容詞短語、動詞不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞和定語從句都可以充當定語。
補語是述補結構中補充說明述語的結果、程度、趨向、可能、狀態、數量等的成分。
補語與述語之間是補充與被補充、說明與被說明的關係。
表語表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特徵和狀態的，表語常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動詞的-ing、從句來充當，它常位於連繫動詞（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等詞）之後
He hit me in the face.
he是主語，hit是謂語，me是賓語
He is a happy y是定語
I found nobody was there when I
got home. When i got home是時間狀語（此外還有地點狀語，原因狀語，目的狀語，條件狀語等）
I found him dead. dead是賓補
He was found 做主補
I am happy. am是系動詞，happy是表語。
英語句型結構
一．簡單句：
英語基本句型-1
主系表結構：本結構是由“主語+系動詞+表語”組成，主要用以說明主語的特徵，類屬，狀態，身份等。 系動詞有:
1.表示特徵和存在狀態的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
2.表示狀態延續的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
3.表示狀態變化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;
eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old.
The cake tastes delicious.
The potatoes went bad in the fields.
Deep water stays still.
He was at work.
She is in good health.
It is beyond my ability.
I was at a loss.
You are under arrest.
英語基本句型-2
主謂結構：本結構是由“主語加不及物的謂語動詞”構成, 常用來表示主語的動作。
如：The sun rises.
Tom has already left.
主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。
如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. They had to travel by air or boat.
3. She sat there alone.
4. He came back when we were eating.
5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。
英語基本句型-3
主謂賓結構:本結構是由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語”構成。賓語成分的多樣化使得這一結構異常複雜。 如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
英語基本句型-4
雙賓語結構：此結構由“主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成。如： He brings me cookies every day.
但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），後說間接賓語（人），則要藉助於介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to側重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。
用for 側重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。
常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需藉助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需藉助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
英語基本句型-5
複合賓語結構: 此結構由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構成。賓語補足語用來補充和說明賓語的`性質和特點，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整。可以用做賓補的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。
如： The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on.
My mother asked me to clean my room.
The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.
用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的後面，以使句子結構平衡，是英語常用的句型結構方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
也可以說 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它們的區別在於第一個是簡單句第二個是複合句，意思都是一樣的。
英語基本句型-6
There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構成，用以表達存在關係可以稱“??有??”。 它其實是全倒裝的一種情況，主語位於謂語動詞 be 之後，there 僅為引導詞，並無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
Be 與其後的主語在人稱和數量上一致，有時態和情態變化。如：
現在有 there is/are ?
過去有 there was/were?
將來有 there will be?；there is /are going to be...
現在已經有 there has/have been?
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be ?/there must have been...
過去曾經有 there used to be ?
似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be ?
碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be ?
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
二．並列句。
結構：
1.由分號連線。
eg. Some people cry; others laugh.
Let’s start early; we have a long way to go.
2.由並列連詞及片語連線-——and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both?and?/not only?but also?/as well as/
or else/ either?or?/neither?nor?/not?but?等。
eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.
I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.
Both my father and mother are teachers.
It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.
三、複合句
構成：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結構，但主句是全域性的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導詞來引導的，引導詞起連線主句和從句的作用。
分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。