以語言運用為指向的語法教學四步驟探討論文

才智咖 人氣:1.06W

通過近五年對全國6個地區20所院校的73位老教授的深度訪談,在回顧和整理了新中國成立之初的30年中國外語教育所走過的艱辛而又卓有成效的歷程基礎上,得出結論:“學以致用”作為我國高校英語教學的一個重要和長期的目標,應該繼續發揮其導向作用,並以其豐富的內涵為制定我國不同層次的外語教學目標提供理據。

以語言運用為指向的語法教學四步驟探討論文

Larsen-Freeman(2005)認為,語法不僅是一種語言知識,更應該看成是一種技能(Grammaring),是有意義的、動態的系統。她指出,語法具有三個維度,分別是形式、意義和用法。她解釋說,Form即“該語法有何形式?” Meaning即“它表達何義?”Use即“在何情形或為何情形而使用它?”

筆者以“學以致用”原則為導向,設計了一節“非謂語動詞”複習課,得到同行的肯定與讚揚。按照授課程序,課例分為“相識——相知——相悅——相融”4個主要步驟。

一、相識

課堂的開始階段,筆者給學生呈現了下列教學目標:

By the end of the lesson you’ll be able to:1. Tell the functions of the non-finite verbs; 2. Learn to tell the differences between the same functions of the given non-finite verbs; 3. Try to use as many non-finite verbs as possible in the given writing.

設計目的: 課堂教學的目標是課堂教學的出發點和歸宿,是預期的教學結果,是教學行為的指向與教學評價的尺度。(俞紅珍,2006)在課堂開始就把教學或學習目標呈現給學生,這對於學習朝著既定的目標進發起到很好的引領作用,對於激發學生的學習動機有“推波助瀾”的功效。

鑑於本次展示的是階段複習課,所以,筆者在“啟用舊知”方面開展了下列4項教學活動:

活動1: “說一說”非謂語動詞的類別

Teacher ellicites the functions of non-finite verbs.

活動2: “找一找”非謂語動詞的功能

Read the following passage and underline the non-finite verbs, trying to tell the fucnctions of them.

Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.

On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror,breaking into pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time.

活動3: “辨一辨”非謂語動詞的作用

Study the following table and put a tick in each section and make a comparison with your partner.

活動4: “練一練”非謂語動詞的習題

Please tell the differences between the following sections.

(A)不定式、動名詞作主語

see once is better than to hear a hundred times.

ng too much is not good for your health.

(B)不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語

see her is to love her.

ng is believing.

story is boring.

are pleased to have a new teacher give us a lesson.

(C)不定式、動名詞作賓語(完成句子)

promised (九點到達這兒).

avoided (回答我的問題).

are looking forward to (再次見到您).

(D)不定式、分詞作賓補

1.I would like you (have)a chance to appreciate Chinese art.

2.I found her (smile)to me when I came in.

3.I found him (surround)by his children.

(E)非謂語動詞作定語

1. I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.

2. Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.

3. The boring snow made the bored boys go home.

4. What’s the language spoken in Holland?

(F)非謂語動詞作狀語

Please rewrite the following underlined parts.

1.I came here only to say good-bye to you.

→I came here .

going there by plane,we’ll have to pay twice as much.

→If ,we’ll have to pay twice as much.

ss asked to answer questions,the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs. Smith’s class.

→Unless ,the pupils should not talk in Mrs. Smith’s class.

設計目的:筆者通過讓學生“說一說”、“找一找”和“辨一辨”和“練一練”四項任務,幫助學生進一步梳理非謂語動詞的特徵和其語法功能。同時,這四項鍊式活動又可使學生對非謂語動詞有“一覽眾山小”的整體感覺。形式多樣的活動使學生產生積極的學習熱情,使課堂教學充滿活力。

二、相知

複習課須進一步理清學習的重難點。在此方面,教師的“中介作用”不可低估。筆者在認真分析課本和《考綱》的基礎上,跟學生一起對非謂語動詞進行了探究。

1.有些詞後既可接動名詞亦可接動詞不定式,但意義不同,如stop,remember,forget,regret,go on,can’t help,try,mean等。試比較。

2.不定式與動名詞作主語/表語時的區別。

不定式作主語時常表達將要發生的動作或特定的一次性行為,而動名詞作主語時一般指常見的情況。在兩者作表語時,不定式特指將來的動作,動名詞指常見或一般的情況。例如:

(1)To swim in such weather is unthinkable.(在這種天氣去游泳真是不可思議!)

Swimming in summer is of great fun. (夏天游泳是件樂事。)

(2)Your job for the week is to complete the report.(你這周的任務是完成這個報告。)

His job in the department is cleaning all the offices in the building.(他在部門的工作是打掃所有的`辦公室。)

3.分詞和動名詞作定語的區別。

分詞往往說明它所修飾的詞的性質或特徵;動名詞往往表示它所修飾的名詞的用途。例如:

a piece of exciting news(= a piece of news that is exciting)(令人興奮的訊息)(分詞)

sleeping car(= a car for sleeping)(臥車)(動名詞)

4.動詞不定式作賓語補足語和現在分詞作賓語補足語的區別。

動詞不定式只說明賓語的一個動作,常指一個完成的動作,而現在分詞則說明賓語的動作正在進行。例如:

He often heard someone sing in the next room.(他常聽到有人在隔壁房間唱歌。)

Just then he heard someone singing in the next room.(當時他聽到一個人在隔壁房間唱歌。)

5.不定式、 現在分詞、 過去分詞作定語的區別。

不定式表示即將發生的動作; 現在分詞表示此刻正在發生的動作; 過去分詞則表示已經發生的動作。

The building to be completed next month is our library.(下月要完工的是我們的圖書館。)

The building being built is our library.(在建的是我們的圖書館。)

The building built is our library.(我們的圖書館已完工。)

6.不定式、 現在分詞、 過去分詞作狀語的區別。

不定式通常表示目的、意想不到的結果,或表示原因; 現在分詞有主動的意思,表示時間、原因、方式或伴隨的情況;過去分詞則表示“被動”的概念。

He hurried to the train station only to be told all trains had stopped running. (他匆忙趕到火車站,結果被告知所有火車都已停止執行。)

He was happy to see his parents in good health.(他欣慰地看到雙親身體健康。)

Seeing his parents in good health, he was happy.(當他看到雙親都很健康時,他開心極了。)

The pop singer,followed by two body guards, came to meet his fans. (那個流行歌手由兩個保鏢護著來跟粉絲見面。)

設計目的:比較法也是語法教學的常用方法。非謂語動詞的不定式、動名詞和分詞之間的差異和聯絡是學生感到特別困惑的地方,通過對照和比較學生可消去困惑,對徹底理解此語法專案有了信心。

三、相悅

赫伯特·斯賓塞(2010)在《斯賓塞的快樂教育》一書中說:“教育的目的是讓孩子成為快樂的人,教育的手段和方法也應該是快樂的。就像一根細小的蘆葦管,你從這頭輸進去的如果是苦澀的汗水,在另一端流出的也絕不是甘甜的蜜汁。”

課到此時,學生難免產生疲勞。為使學生“一路高歌”,筆者開展了下列成語“大放送”節目。

Please use your imagination (想象力)to complete the following sentences.

1.A bad beginning makes a bad .

2.A man becomes learned (有學問) by .

g is better than .

to live, but not live .

is easier to get money than .

6. is to the mind while exercise to the body.

設計目的:在語法教學上合理開發課程資源是必要的。美國心理學家威特羅克((M. C. Wittrock,1986;轉引自陶炳增、孫愛萍,2004)認為,學習是一個主動的過程,學習者積極參與其中,主動地建構自己對資訊的解釋,並從中作出推論。學習的生成過程就是學習者已有的認知結構和儲存在長時記憶中的事件,在大腦資訊加工策略的指揮下與從環境接受的感覺資訊即新的知識相互作用的過程,在此過程中大腦主動選擇資訊和建構資訊。因而,教師在開展課堂活動的過程中,應正確處理“輸入”與“輸出”之間的平衡關係。通過對成語的再創造,學生不僅收穫了樂趣,也在不知不覺中習得了目標語法。

四、相融

語言學習的終極目標是使用目的語進行交際與運用。語言的習得、內化與運用構成了語言學習的迴圈連結。(葛春生,2013)由於語言輸出活動能幫助語言學習者提高其使用語言的流利程度,使學習者意識到自己在使用語言時存在的問題,學習者可能有更多機會來驗證自己提出的假設,以語言假設進行反思,因此,從認知的角度來看,語言輸出對二語或外語習得都是必需的。在課堂教學中,合理設計和安排學生的語言輸出活動,對於學生的“學以致用”能力的培養創造了良好契機。

Let’s make up a story, using as many non-infinites as possible. Here are the words and phrases you can refer to.

(1)Taken for a Ride(乘車)

I love travelling in the country, but I don’t like losing my way. I went on an excursion (遠足)recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected.

(I said ... going to Woodford Green as I got on the bus; where to get off;to get a good view of the country; look around;have to get off; as far as we go; forget to put you off;go back;prefer to stay)

(2)Quick Work

Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last week...

(receive a letter;be asked to call at the police station; wonder why;not worried any more;his bicycle had been found;be picked up in a small village four hundred miles away;being sent to his home now;never expected the bicycle to be found; be stolen 20 years ago;be a boy of 15 then)

設計目的:本節課的中心任務是用非謂語動詞在情境中編寫故事。故事是兒童和處於青春期高中生喜聞樂見的文學體裁。學生在情景和詞塊的提示下,可以充分展現他們的想象力,馳騁在創造的歡樂世界裡。目標語法內容在教師和學生共同探究下終於有了“開花”和“結果”的時刻。

五、對語法教學的思考

語法教學的方法是多種多樣的,但必須以學生為中心,根據學生的需求和認知特點進行教學。因此,語法教學不應只在孤立的句子中機械地進行,而應在歸納的基礎上把語法點置入上下文的語境中,即有目的地設計一些含有語法點的交際活動,讓學生在實際的語言材料中感知、理解和掌握語法。

為了使語法教學取得實效,教師必須選擇可供教學使用的教學資源。在此方面,既要注意教學材料的“真實性”,更要關注教學材料的適切性和趣味性。在多數情況下,教師應選擇語篇材料,因為語篇為語法學習提供了真實、自然和恰當的情境。

最後一點,也是十分關鍵的,就是加強語法的語用教學。不能為了語法而學習語法,語法是為語言的交際和使用而選擇的手段而已。“學以致用”不僅是語言學習本質在語言實踐中的應然體現,也是外語學習的終極目標所在。

【參考文獻】

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