1 英文醫學論文(medical papers)的定義
醫學論文就其內容和文體特點而言科分為以下幾種：醫學科研論文(scientific papers);調查報告(survey);綜述(review);學位論文(theses)。
2 醫學科研論文定義
國際生物學編輯委員會對醫學科研論文的定義為：必須是首次公佈的應提供足夠的資料，使同行們能夠進行：①評價所觀察到的結果;②評價其推理過程;③重複實驗。分為以下2種：
丨臨床研究(clinical study)
丨基礎研究或實驗研究(experimental study)
3 醫學科研論文的格式
丨標題(title)
丨摘要(abstract)
丨引言(introduction)
丨材料和方法(materials and methods)
丨結果(results)
丨討論(discussion)
丨致謝(acknowledgement)
丨參考文獻(references)
4 標題
4.1 要求
丨簡明扼要(short and concise)：儘量控制在一行，但不是一個句子;不超過25個單詞或120-140個字母;除DNA、RNA、CT等不用縮寫。
丨資訊豐富(informative)
丨便於索引(indexing)
丨較長標題可採用副標題
4.2 標題寫作中常用片語和表達方式
丨用…(方法/手段)對…進行研究/分析/觀察/評價：
丨丨Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) … by (using 方法/with工具)
丨A對B的作用
丨丨Effortof A on B
丨丨 Protective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury
丨 A與B的關係
丨丨Correlation(relation/relationship) between A and B
丨丨Correlation of A with B and C
丨丨常用修飾詞：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly
丨用…治療…
丨丨Use of …in the treatment of …(病)in …(生物)
丨丨Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly
丨A是B
丨丨A as B
5 摘要
5.1 摘要分類
摘要是作者要給讀者的精華，從內容上分兩大類：
丨指示性摘要
丨資料性摘要
從結構分為三大類：
丨非結構式摘要
丨全結構式摘要
丨半結構式摘要
5.2 非結構式摘要
丨缺點：段落不明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀和計算機處理帶來諸多不便
5.3 全結構式摘要
丨八要素摘要：目的，設計，地點，物件，處理，主要測定專案，結果，結論。
丨優點：觀點更明確，資訊量更大;差錯更少;符合計算機資料庫建立和使用要求。
丨缺點：煩瑣、重複、篇幅過長
5.4 半結構式摘要
即為四要素摘要：
丨目的`(objective/purpose/aim)
丨方法(methods)
丨結果(results)
丨結論(conclusion)
6 目的
目的是作者想要介紹的關鍵問題
6.1 目的格式
丨單表目的
丨背景+目的
6.2 目的常用時態
丨背景：現在時(一般現在時、完成時和進行時)
丨目的：一般現在時/現在完成時，或一般過去時
舉例1：To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions withomeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.
舉例2：The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pyloriresistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigatedthe role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance oneradication and development of secondary resistance.
6.3 介紹目的常用句型
主要用動詞不定式to表達
丨直接用“to do短語”表達
舉例：To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury
丨The purpose/aim/objective/goal (of present study is) was to
舉例：The aim ofthis study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastricmucosal injury.
丨The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to
舉例：The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic pred is position to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced inpatients with irritable bowel syndrome.
丨This study was performed/conducted/carried out/under taken to
舉例：An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate …
丨We aimed/sought to/attempted to
舉例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.
6.4 介紹目的常用動詞
丨研究：study,investigate, examine, observe, explore
舉例：Our objective in this report is to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.
丨評價：evaluate,validate
舉例：To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patientswith abdominal trauma.
丨確定：determine,decide, confirm, support, define, characterize
丨證實：prove,demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify
丨闡明、搞清：explain,elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to theknowledge of
丨介紹：describe,present, report
丨建立：establish,develop, set out
丨尋找：searchfor, look for, seek, find
丨識別、區分：identify,differentiate, discriminate
丨優選：optimize
丨比較：compare
丨回顧：review
丨相關：correlateA with B
7 方法部分
丨研究設計
丨研究物件的特性
丨干預或處理方法
丨測定或觀察方法
7.1 研究物件的選擇、來源及標準
丨納入研究：were entered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly)
舉例：A total of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whom received……
丨排除或退出研究：were excluded from participation，with drew from the study due to/because to
舉例：……Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded.
7.2 研究物件的分組
丨 ……were divided into/classified/grouped into
丨……were divided randomly/randomized into
丨……were divided equally into
舉例：Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1…… Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, ……
7.3 年齡
丨某一年齡
舉例：A 50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years).
丨在某年齡範圍內及平均年齡
舉例：Patients range in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years).
丨在某一年齡以上或以下
舉例：Patients more than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years.
7.4 性別、時間
丨性別
twelve patients (7 male and 5 female )
The male-to-female ratio was 1:4
丨時間
Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8 and 12 weeks.……
7.5 診斷與治療
丨診斷
be diagnosed as having …
be diagnosed as …by …/with …
be suspected as …
丨治療
be treated with…(alone or in combination with …)
be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis
舉例1：Patients(n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, …
舉例2：50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receiveone of the four treatment regimens. …
8 結果部分
丨是文章結論的根據
丨應記錄真實的科研資料
丨除指示性說明外，一般用過去時表示
常用句型
丨結果表明
丨丨The results showed / demonstrated / revealed /documented / indicated/suggested…that…;
丨丨It was found that…
舉例：The results showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.
丨與…有關
A was related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C
舉例：In sulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530, P<0.05), bodymass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baseline insulinemia (r=0.489, P<0.05)
丨增加或減少
丨丨表示數值增加的動詞：increase,rise, elevate
丨丨表示數值增加的名詞：increase,increment, elevation
丨丨表示數值減少的動詞：decrease,reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower
丨丨表示數值減少的名詞：decrease,decrement, reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering
丨丨從…增加到…，平均增加…：increasefrom …to …, with a mean/average (increase) of …
丨丨從…增加到…，總的增加…：increasefrom …to …, with an overall increase of …
丨丨增加了10%：increaseby (10%)
丨倍數比較
丨丨增加或減少3倍：increaseby 3 fold (times); a 3-fold increase
丨丨A是 B的3倍：A is 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B
丨結果的統計學意義
丨丨明顯不同(significant difference)
丨丨很明顯不同(very/highly significant difference)
丨丨區別不明顯(insignificant difference)
丨丨無區別(nonsignificant difference/no difference)
丨統計學意義常用句型
丨丨There was/is significant difference in…between A and B
丨丨The difference in …between A and B was/is significant
丨丨A was/is significant difference from B in …
丨丨No significant difference was found / observed / noted in …between A and B
丨“in”表示區分的性質或內容
舉例1：There were no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms andlung function (P>0.05).
舉例2：Significant difference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDL peakparticle diameter before and after treatment.
9 結論部分
是作者發表觀點和見解，給讀者的精髓部分
丨歸納性說明研究結果或發現
丨結論性說明結果的可能原因、機理或意義
丨前瞻性說明未解決的問題
9.1 結論部分時態
丨過去時
a. 涉及本研究的內容
b. 涉及他人研究過程的內容
c. 作者認為只適用於本研究環境和條件的結論
丨現在時
a. 指示性說明
b. 普遍接受的思想、理論或結論
c. 作者認為本研究結論具有普遍意義
d. 前瞻性說明
舉例：Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease [指示性說明-現在時]，butonly a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injectiondrug use [本試驗過程中發生的事-過去時]viral treatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of diseasesis indicated in this group of patients [作者認為具有普遍意義的結論-現在時].
9.2 結論部分常用句型
丨結果提示…
丨丨These results suggest that…
舉例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.
丨結果支援或反對某種觀點
丨丨These results support the idea that…
丨丨These results fail to support the idea that…
舉例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance.
丨表示觀點的確定或不確定性
丨丨There is no evidence that…
丨丨It is likely/unlikely that …
舉例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.
丨具有…意義
丨丨Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to …
舉例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.
丨前瞻性說明
丨丨…remainto be further studied;
丨丨It is remains to be proved that …
舉例：However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be furtherstudied.
丨插入語
丨丨This is the first case of pancreas divisum.
舉例：This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.