誕生一年後，共享單車將告別野蠻增長，迎來嚴監管階段。交通部日前釋出的《指導意見》要求，共享單車平臺實行實名制註冊、使用，並規範對使用者在騎行、停放等方面的要求。
The chaos of sharing bikes has become a prominent social issue. In order to standardize the cycling behavior of users, the guidelines require that the bicycle companies implement real-name registration and implement the system of punishment for breach of trust, which can be used to control the disorderly conduct and other behaviors. Many netizens agree on the real-name system of bicycles. Longge "netizens said," the use of Shared cycling must real-name system, but also with bank credit reporting system, set up and trustworthy incentive and disciplinary mechanism, to resolutely resist destroyed vehicles, disorderly stop bad behavior such as a room ".
For social concern Shared cycling deposit management issues, "guidance" in specific provision, enterprises should strictly distinguish between deposit and prepaid money, its own funds and user requirements strengthen Shared user safety supervision of funds, build system of perfect user deposit refund, actively promote "the rent is detain, is also the retreat", etc. The payment and settlement services involved in the Internet rental bicycle business shall be provided by Banks and non-bank payment agencies. According to data released tencent of finance and economics, as of March 2017, the worship, more than 3 billion yuan deposit scale ofo: more than 2.5 billion yuan, plus other companies charge a deposit, such as joeyz, little blue, intelligence etc, to about 6 billion yuan deposit volumes. Beijing normal university law professor, said Mr Liu, director of the Asia Pacific network legal research center, now a lot of bicycle companies rely on the deposit, deposit and prepaid to survive development, in the future if the capital stock tube strict supervision, the money is in short supply of the enterprise, will face a disadvantage in the competition, are likely to be reshuffle.
On cycling of credit management, "guidance", points out that to accelerate the construction of Internet rental bike service sector credit records, establish enterprise and user credit foundation database, to the enterprise and the user does not civilization behavior and violation behavior recorded in the credit. Enhance service quality and user credit evaluation. Enterprises should be encouraged to form a credit information sharing alliance, and establish a mechanism for users to encourage and break the credit. "Guidance" shortly after the release, shenzhen is a Shared cycling new rules: June 1, shenzhen Shared bike illegal enterprise users total for 3 months in a row of the top three companies, will be in shenzhen traffic police questioning; Companies will also enforce strict credit integration rules for users, and users will be banned from sharing bikes. In addition, haikou also stipulates that damaging the Shared bike will be included in the personal credit record.
Strengthening the sharing of bicycle credit management is a trend
From the guidance, it is easy to see that strengthening credit management has become a major point. Whether it is to share the real-name system of bicycle users, promote the mechanism of dishonesty, establish a database of enterprise and user credit, or encourage the free deposit mode, all of them point to credit management. However, from the development process of several leading companies, it has become an industry trend to adopt real-name system, strengthen the management of intelligent network technology and introduce credit mechanism.
In terms of real-name system, the mainstream bicycle platforms, such as ofo bicycles, mobike bicycles and xiao-ming bicycles, have already implemented the real-name system. The bicycle also pioneered the credit score system, which encourages the public to use cars and regulate parking by creating a credit system of rewards and punishments.
In addition, the sharing bike introduces sesame credit to realize the security deposit. In march, the company first reached a cooperation agreement with sesame credit, and users only need to bind their own identity information, and the sesame credit exceeds 600 points, and can enjoy the rent-free car rental service. Ofo also announced that users with a credit rating of 650 and above are exempt from the 99 yuan deposit. It is reported that there are nine Shared cycling sesame credit for credit and free access, in accordance with the sesame score breaks deposit in different regions, using sesame points get free and service for tens of millions of people. Other bicycle companies, such as cycled, uber and little blue, are also following up on the "no-deposit" model, with a conditional "no-deposit" based on credit ratings.
Sharing bicycle credit system construction needs to be more than a few
About car to Shared cycling through the net, Shared cars, as a kind of new economic forms, sharing economy is integrated into our daily life, and sharing a bike from a typical share economy gradually develop into a credit economy. For users, the value of credit and the cost of untrustworthy will be felt. For some companies, rely on financial management pattern of the deposit or have to go, in the automotive and transportation research center, an analyst at analysys international chen-xi wang's view, Shared cycling industry reshuffle is inevitable trend, there are many factors that can prompt shuffling, "no deposit" is one of them.
This system design will share the bicycle into the real-name system management, will promote it to become a credit economy. But at present, there are many obstacles in building the system's credit and economic system.
First, there are loopholes in the real-name system. Shared bike registration is mobile Internet operation directly, in the registration process does not need to face "brush" pictures, only need to enter the id number, this is it true that it is difficult to determine the registrant is himself.
Second, there are still barriers to data sharing. Although the "mo + worship" open platform with WeChat, China unicom, several Banks, such as baidu map with a large data resource agencies, ofo: also with alipay, drops travel, Scott maps closely, but the current cooperation form is limited to use these basic entrance APP code cycling, each platform master user data is still fragmented, no big data sharing platform, this brought difficulty to set up the system of credit system.
Moreover, the security of user information security is also a problem. According to incomplete statistics, at present the country has more than 30 Internet rental bike operating companies, the cumulative drop more than 10 million vehicles, more than 100 million m registered users, services more than 1 billion people. Sharing the number of users' phone calls, identity information, payment accounts and other personal information, so many users' information security? Although the guidelines put forward specific measures to protect the Internet and information security, the implementation of the guidelines still tests the wisdom of supervision.
共享單車的亂停亂放已經成為一個突出的社會問題。為了規範使用者的騎車行為，《指導意見》要求共享單車企業實行實名制註冊，並推行失信懲戒機制，對亂停亂放等行為進行整治。對於共享單車實名制，不少網民表示贊同。網民“龍哥”稱，“共享單車的使用必須實名制，而且要跟銀行徵信系統掛鉤，建立守信激勵和失信懲戒機制，以此堅決抵制毀車、亂停亂放等不良行為”。
而對於社會所關心的共享單車押金管理問題，《指導意見》中明確規定，企業應嚴格區分企業自有資金和使用者押金、預付資金，要求加強共享使用者資金安全監管，建立完善使用者押金退還制度，積極推行“即租即押、即還即退”等模式。網際網路租賃自行車業務中涉及的支付結算服務，應通過銀行、非銀行支付機構提供。根據騰訊財經發布的資料，截至2017年3月，摩拜押金規模超30億元，ofo超25億元，加上其他收取押金的企業，如小鳴、小藍、智享等，市場押金總量約60億元。北京師範大學法學院教授、亞太網路法律研究中心主任劉德良表示，現在很多單車企業靠押金、保證金、預付費來維持生存發展，將來如果對資金存管嚴格監管，這些資金供應不足的企業，將在競爭中面臨不利的地位，很有可能被洗牌。
在騎行的信用管理上，《指導意見》指出，要加快網際網路租賃自行車服務領域信用記錄建設，建立企業和使用者信用基礎資料庫，對企業和使用者不文明行為和違法違規行為記入信用記錄。加強企業服務質量和使用者信用評價。鼓勵企業組成信用資訊共享聯盟，對使用者建立守信激勵和失信懲戒機制。《指導意見》釋出後不久，深圳即再出共享單車新規：6月1日起，深圳共享單車企業使用者違法總量連續3個月排名前三的企業，將被深圳交警約談;企業對使用者也將執行嚴格的信用積分制度，相關違規使用者或被禁用共享單車。此外，海口也規定，損壞共享單車將納入個人信用記錄。
加強共享單車信用管理是大勢所趨
從《指導意見》不難看出，加強信用管理成為一大要點。不論是共享單車使用者實名制，推行失信懲戒機制，建立企業和使用者信用基礎資料庫，還是鼓勵免押金模式，背後都指向信用管理。而從幾大龍頭的發展程序看，使用者實名制、加強智慧網路技術管理、引入信用機制等做法已成為行業趨勢。
在實名制方面，目前市面上的`ofo單車、摩拜單車、小鳴單車等主流單車平臺已經落實了使用者實名制。摩拜單車還首創了信用分制度，通過建立獎懲分明的信用分體系，鼓勵市民文明用車、規範停車。
此外，共享單車引入芝麻信用實現押金減免。今年3月，永安行首先和芝麻信用達成合作協議，使用者只需要繫結自己的身份資訊，芝麻信用超過600分，就可以享受免押金的租車服務。ofo公司也隨後宣佈，實行芝麻信用評分650及以上的使用者免交99元押金。據悉，目前已經有9家共享單車接入了芝麻信用實行信用免押，按照芝麻分值在不同地區進行減免押金，利用芝麻分獲得免押服務的已有數千萬人次。騎唄、優拜、小藍單車等其他各家共享單車企業也正在紛紛跟進“免押金”模式，根據信用評價實行有條件“免押金”。
共享單車信用體系搭建需邁多道坎
從網約車到共享單車、共享汽車，作為一種新經濟業態，共享經濟正融入我們的日常生活，而共享單車也從一種典型的共享經濟逐漸發展成為信用經濟。對於使用者而言，將切身感受到信用的價值和失信成本;對於部分企業而言，靠押金理財的模式或已走不通，在易觀國際汽車與交通出行研究中心分析師王晨曦看來，共享單車行業洗牌是必然趨勢，促使洗牌因素有很多，“免押金”是其中之一。
此次制度設計將共享單車納入實名制管理，將推動其成為信用經濟。但目前，構建系統的信用經濟制度還存在諸多障礙。
首先，在實名制上還有漏洞。共享單車的註冊是直接手機上網操作，在註冊過程中不需要“刷臉”拍照，只需要輸入身份證號碼，這就很難確定註冊人是不是真的是本人。
其次，資料共享尚存壁壘。雖然目前“摩拜+”開放平臺已與微信、中國聯通、多家銀行、百度地圖等擁有龐大資料資源的機構合作，ofo也與支付寶、滴滴出行、高德地圖等緊密合作，但目前的合作形式基本僅限於使用這些入口APP掃碼騎車，各家平臺掌握的使用者資料仍是割裂的，沒有建立大資料共享平臺，這給搭建系統的信用體系帶來了難度。
此外，使用者資訊保安如何保障也是難題。據不完全統計，目前全國共有網際網路租賃自行車運營企業30多家，累計投放車輛超過1000萬輛，註冊使用者超1億人次，累計服務超過10億人次。共享單車運營企業掌握大量使用者的電話、身份資訊、支付賬號等個人資訊，如此多的使用者資訊保安怎麼保障?雖然此次《指導意見》對網路和資訊保安保護提出了針對性措施，但如何落實到位，仍然考驗著監管的智慧。