摘 要
隨著二十一世紀的到來，人力資源管理作為一個相對較新的管理專案，在當今的商業中扮演著一個越來越重要的作用。This report mainly discusses 3 questions about today's human resource management.本報告主要就關於人力資源管理問題分三個部分進行了討論。The first section discusses the changing function of human resource management in terms of 3 aspects which are staff-company relations, HR model development and HR strategies.第一部分討論有關人力資源管理在三個方面的職能轉變。即是工作人員與公司的僱傭關係，人力資源發展模式，和人力資源發展戰略。The second section describes the exploring stage of HRM in Chin第二部分描述了在探索階段的中國人力資源管理。System building, recruitment and motivation are the three aspects to support the opin系統的建設，招聘模式和激勵制度是支援觀點的三個方面。The third section discusses the new challenges that HR managers in China may face.第三部分討論中國人力資源可能面臨的新的挑戰。In this part, challenges from the changing business age, HR managers' abilities to deal with uncertainty and ambiguity and solitary to collective activity are discussed.在這一部分將就由於商業時代的不斷變化，人力資源管理對不確定性和模糊性以及對獨立的集體活動的處理能力進行了討論。
問題1 Human resource management, as the quickly developing subject, without doubt, has changed a lot in its function in many fields. 人力資源管理，作為迅速發展的專案，毫無疑問，它的功能在許多領域都發生了很多的改變。 This section will mainly discuss the HRM's change and expansion in the aspect of staff-company relations, HR model development and HR strategies as the following.本節將主要討論人力資源管理在工作人員與公司的僱傭關係，人力資源發展模式，和人力資源發展戰略方面的變化和發展進行討論，如下
Key words: Development, Human Resource Managemen, staff-company relations，System building，recruitment and motivation，challenge，explore.
[關鍵詞]：發展、人力資源管理，僱傭關係，系統建設，招聘和激勵，挑戰，探索.
人力資源管理在中國的發展
Introduction 導言 With the advent of the 21st century, Human Resource Management, as a relatively new management subject, is playing a more and more important role in today's business activities. 隨著二十一世紀的到來，人力資源管理作為一個相對較新的管理專案，在當今的商業中扮演著一個越來越重要的作用。This report mainly discusses 3 questions about today's human resource management.本報告主要就關於人力資源管理問題分三個部分進行了討論。The first section discusses the changing function of human resource management in terms of 3 aspects which are staff-company relations, HR model development and HR strategies.第一部分討論有關人力資源管理在三個方面的職能轉變。即是工作人員與公司的僱傭關係，人力資源發展模式，和人力資源發展戰略。The second section describes the exploring stage of HRM in Chin第二部分描述了在探索階段的中國人力資源管理。System building, recruitment and motivation are the three aspects to support the opin系統的建設，招聘模式和激勵制度是支援觀點的三個方面。The third section discusses the new challenges that HR managers in China may face.第三部分討論中國人力資源可能面臨的新的挑戰。In this part, challenges from the changing business age, HR managers' abilities to deal with uncertainty and ambiguity and solitary to collective activity are discussed.在這一部分將就由於商業時代的不斷變化，人力資源管理對不確定性和模糊性以及對獨立的集體活動的處理能力進行了討論。 Question 1 問題1 Human resource management, as the quickly developing subject, without doubt, has changed a lot in its function in many fields. 人力資源管理，作為迅速發展的專案，毫無疑問，它的功能在許多領域都發生了很多的改變。 This section will mainly discuss the HRM's change and expansion in the aspect of staff-company relations, HR model development and HR strategies as the following.本節將主要討論人力資源管理在工作人員與公司的僱傭關係，人力資源發展模式，和人力資源發展戰略方面的變化和發展進行討論，如下： In the aspect of the staff-company relations, the changing functions will be discussed from 3 aspects which are power factors, employees and motivational method. 在工作人員與公司僱傭關係方面，將從以下三個方面討論職能的轉變。即實力的因素，員工因素和激勵方法進行討論。First, in terms of the power factors, 10 years ago the relationship between employees and the company was regarded as 'Labor and Enterprise' while nowadays more companies show understanding and respect for the human spiri首先 ，實力的因素方面，10年前僱員與公司的關係而言，被視為'勞工與企業'，而現在越來越多的企業表現出對人的精神的理解和尊重。 For example, Google China places a piano in the hall of the company and even set a kitchen and the washing machine for their employees (Jim Westcott, 2005). 例如，中國谷歌在分公司大廳放置了一架鋼琴 ，而且甚至還為他們的僱員安置了廚房和洗衣機（吉姆韋斯科特，2005年）。 Second, in terms of the employees, employees are considered as thinking and rational beings around 10 years ago.第二，在員工方面，10年前員工被視為是理性思考和解決問題的人。 The reason why they chose this company was the satisfactory salary.他們之所以選擇這個公司是因為公司為他們提供了滿意的薪水。 But today, staffs are considered as fully evolved, completely satisfied, mature human being但今天，員工被視為是要求擁有充分的發展空間，全方位的滿意不單單是薪水且成熟的人。 Third, in the motivational methods aspect, the change is really huge.第三，在激勵方法方面，變化真正的是非常巨大的。 A decade ago, companies often drove employees through basic needs such as a big bonus. 十年前，企業經常通過提供給員工基本的需要作為給員工的獎賞。 While the role seems to highlight people's social and intellectual needs.這種方法似乎去突出了人們的社會和智力需求。 In the aspect of HR model development, some human resource management functions have expanded during the past decade. 在人力資源管理髮展模式的方面，在過去的10年一些人力資源管理職能被擴大了。 One of the new products of human resource management is the HR outsourcing which support the core HR activities and business processes associated with HR administration. Outsourcing HR functions or processes is a viable decision for businesses, particularly those whose internal HR department has reached the limit of its effectiveness; businesses that want to access new programs or services (but don't want to incur the required investment), or those that want to focus on core competencies. 其中作為人力資源管理的新的產物之一是人力資源外包，在人力資源管理中支援了核心的人力資源活動和業務流程結合。外包人力資源的職能或業務流程是對商務的一種可行決定，尤其是那些其內部人事部門已經達到了其效力限制。;企業想要獲得新的專案或服務（但是不要想要招致必需的投資），或者那些希望專注於核心競爭力的企業。 The advantage of HR outsourcing is obvious: Obtaining access to (internally) unavailable expertise, skills, technologies; increased flexibility; reducing costs/reduce investment. This way has achieved great success in some countries, for example, Canada.他們在人力資源外包上獲得的好處是顯而易見的：獲取訪問（國內）難以得到的專業知識，技能，技術，增加靈活性，降低了成本/降低投資。這種方法已在一些國家取得了巨大成功，例如，加拿大。 Spending on HR outsourcing in Canada, is forecast to increase by more than 13%, on average, every year between 2005 and 2009 (Jim Westcott, 2005).加拿大在人力資源外包開支上預測平均每年將增加13％以上，在2005年至2009年之間。（吉姆韋斯科特，2005年）。 The majority of HR strategies have been developed over the last decade. Twenty per cent of respondents indicate that an HR strategy has been in place at their institution for less than three years, 60% report that the HR strategy was developed in the past three to seven years and 20% indicate that the strategy is ten or more years old. 在過去的10年大多數人力資源戰略已經得到了發展。百分之二十的受訪者指出人力資源策略在他們的企業中實施時間不足三年，百分之六十的報告指出在過去的3至7年間人力資源開發戰略一直在發展，並且20％的報告表明這一戰略是在10年甚至以上。 These data reinforce the notion that HR management has taken on a much more strategic role within the past decad這些資料加強了人力資源管理在過去十年間戰略性作用的概念。 The HR strategy in recruitment and retention can be discussed in long-term goals as well as shorter-term operational procedures.人力資源戰略討論了人員招聘和保留的長期目標和短期的運作程式。 In terms of recruitment and retention some institutions are primarily concerned with short-term objectives.一些機構主要關注人員徵聘和保留的短期目標。 For example, one Canadian respondent stated that their HR strategy involves 'an annual recruitment and retention plan that governs academic staff hiring and retention for the following academic year' (Ronold G Ehrenbdeg, 2005). Other responses highlight long-term objectives and broader issues relating to staff development and performance as well as policy and strategic planning for future institutional growth. 例如，一個加拿大的受訪者說 ， 他們的人力資源戰略涉及'一個年度招聘和挽留計劃即執政學術人員招聘和留用下一學術年'（Ronold G Ehrenbdeg, 2005）。其它的受訪者反應突出的長遠目標和更廣泛的問題是關於職員的發展以及政策和戰略對未來體制和業績發展的規劃 。 For example, one Australian institution states that their HR strategy is concerned with 'workforce planning, age profiling, attraction and retention issues, and reengineering the recruitment process'.例如，一個澳大利亞的機構指出 ， 他們的人力資源戰略是關於'人力規劃，年齡結構，人才的吸引和保留，並重新制定招聘流程'。 The general focus of this strategy is on strategic planning for successive generations. 這一戰略的重點就是連續幾代的戰略規劃。
Question 2 問題2 With China's entering the WTO, modern enterprise management concept has been gradually accepted by Chinese enterprises and, human resources management has been developed and promoted in the majority of enterprises. However, as a management skill that gets access to China less than 30 years and faced with the cultural conflict, HRM in China still stays in the exploring stage. 隨著中國加入世貿組織，現代企業管理理念已逐漸被中國企業接受了，在大多數企業中人力資源管理已經得到了發展和推廣。然而，作為一種管理技能進入中國不足30年，而且面臨與文化衝突，在中國人力資源管理仍然停留在探索階段。 In the aspect of system building, human resources management system in China is imperfect still. 在制度建設方面，中國的人力資源管理制度依然是不完善的。 According to the recent report of HR in China, less than forty percent of the enterprises have established the business development strategy combining with human resources management system. 根據中國最近人力資源的報告，不足百分之四十的企業建立了企業發展戰略與人力資源管理相結合的制度。 Furthermore, only 12.9% of them can really implement this strategy. What is more, employees' career development planning, staff representation system, and the staff Rationalized suggestion are the 3 strategies that are not completed enough.此外，其中只有12.9％的能真正實施這一戰略。更有甚者，職員的職業發展規劃，職員代表制，員工的合理化建議三個戰略都沒有充分的完成。 Only 9% of the researched enterprises establish and implement the employees' career development planning (Zhao Yin, 2007). 只有9％的被調查的企業建立並且落實了員工的職業發展規劃（趙尹，2007年）。 In terms of the recruitment, the forms of recruitment in Chinese enterprises are not diversified enough. 在聘用方面，在我國企業招聘的形式和層次不夠豐富（多樣化）的。 Although the modern enterprises can recruit through more and more channels such as networks, an executive search firm, job fairs, campus recruitment, advertising media and so many ways that can provide companies with human resources information, the majority of the companies still choose form as job fairs. 雖然現代企業可以通過多種渠道諸如網路，獵頭公司，招聘會，校園招聘，廣告媒體等多種方式來進行招聘。而且越來越多的渠道可以提供企業人力資源資訊，但大多數的公司仍然選擇招聘會形式。 However, according to the '2007 Human Resource Report', the percentage of the surveyed companies which have been tried to recruit through network was 35%, which was 12% higher than that of the year 2006. 然而，根據2007年的人力資源報告，調查的公司通過網路招聘的比例為35％，這比2006年的比例高了12％以上。 Secondly, the technologies during the recruitment that the companies use are still in a growing stage. 其次，公司使用的招聘技術仍然處於發展階段。 Only half of the enterprises plan to use professional test tool to find suitable staff.僅有一半的企業計劃使用專業的測試工具來找到合適的工作人員。 例如例如例如知識測試，心理測試和演示的方式等被引進到中國並且受到熱烈歡迎。 The motivation in China is at a developing stage. 中國企業的激勵機制還處於發展階段。 Most Chinese companies have motivation strategies.大多數中國公司都有激勵策略。 Quite a few of them prefer to choose short-term and direct motivating strategies like paying. 很少數的企業寧意選擇短期和直接的激勵方法例如給錢。 At present, China has 70% of the enterprises in accordance with different types of personnel to set different pay scales (Zhao Yin, 2007). 目前，中國有百分之七十的企業依照不同種的員工與設定不同等級的薪水（趙尹，2007年）。 Paying is a common kind of economic motivation. 給錢是一種最通秀的經濟激勵方式。 Paying incentives for executives directly show in their steady growth of income - wages, which is very intuitive.支付管理人員獎勵直接顯示在他們的收入穩步增長-工資，這是非常直觀。 However, with the raise of executives' social status and overall ability, material and money are no longer the key point of motivation. 然而，隨著管理人員的社會地位和整體能力的提高，物力和財力不再是提高積極性的關鍵點。 Research from China Database, one of the most authority databases, show that 19.6% of the surveyed enterprises use virtual equity of the company as the long-term motivation methods and 18.9% of them use the form of giving share options as the long-term motivation, while 78.2% of the enterprises have not implemented the long-term motivation. 來自中國的一家最權威的`資料顯示，19.6％的受訪企業用企業的虛擬股權作為長期激勵的方法，其中18.9％的企業給予員工購股權作為對員工的長期激勵制度，而78.2％的企業還沒有實施長期激勵。 As one of the ways to motivate staff, long-term also includes creating a platform for employees which may attract employees since they can exert their abilities fully作為長期激勵員工的方法，還包括為員工創造一個有可能吸引僱員的平臺因為他們可以充分發揮自己的能力。 Question 3 問題3 As the functions of human resource have changed since the 21st century, challenges are coming to the human resource managers in China. 二十一世紀以來人力資源的職能已經發生了改變，這也是中國的人力資源管理人員將要面臨挑戰。 For China is still in the exploring stage mentioned in question 2, the challenges should be more than those in developed human resource management countries. In the information era, the economic era and the knowledge, the challenges for Chinese HRM managers are mainly from these three fields. 對於中國來說如上問題2所述的還正處於探索階段，面臨的挑戰要比那些較發達的人力資源管理國家更大。在資訊領域、經濟領域和知識領域,中國人力資源管理的挑戰主要來自此三個領域。 The first challenges for HRM is the changing role of organizations from the Industrial Age to the Information Age. 對人力資源管理的第一個挑戰是從工業時代到資訊時代人力資源管理角色的轉變。 在Work performed in factories by machines is being replaced by work in offices or at computer terminals. And instead of working with things, people increasingly work with ideas and concepts.工廠內由機器完成的工作正在被在辦公室工作或在電腦終端下完成取代。工作方式的更改使得人們對工作產生了越來越多的新想法和新概念。 Information and knowledge have replaced manufacturing as the source of most new jobs. 資訊和知識作為新的就業機會的來源已經取代了大部分製造業。 Thus, taking charge of thousands of workers in a factory is not the typical functions of modern human resource managers. 因此，數以千計的在工廠的工人正在發生著改變將不再符合傳統人力資源管理的模式。 Although the numbers of employees may decrease, but the extent of difficulty will not decrease since employees are more knowledgeable and informative. 儘管員工的人數也許會有所減少，但人力資源管理的困難程度是不會降低 ， 因為員工有更豐富的知識和資訊。 Like the popular saying nowadays 'The only thing that doesn't change is change', with the development of the technologies, tools that human being use speed up the pace of people's life. 就像現在流行的一種說法'任何事情都在悄無聲息的變化著'，隨著技術，人類用於它們使得自己的生活節奏變得越來越快的工具的發展 。 Thus the second challenge which may face the human resource manager is the abilities to deal with uncertainty and ambiguity.這樣 ，人力資源管理可能面臨的第二個挑戰的是處理不確定性和含糊不清事態的能力。 Static, permanent organizations designed for a stable and predictable world are giving way to flexible, adaptive organizations more suited for a new world of change and transformation. Emphasis on permanence, tradition and the past is giving way to creativity and innovation in the search for new solutions, new processes, and new products and services.靜態的、穩定的常設組織和可預測的世界現正在轉變為一個靈活的更適應新世界改變和轉變的常設機構。可持續發展的重點在於將傳統和過去尋找創造和創新的方法轉變為新的解決問題的方式，新的製作工藝，新產品和服務。 Maintaining the status is less important than a vision of the future and the organization's destiny. 維持這種情形並不重要 ， 重要的對未來的展望和機構的命運。 We are used to dealing with certainty and predictabilit我們習慣了處理確定性和可預見性的問題。 We need to become accustomed to dealing with uncertainty and ambiguity. 我們必須習慣於去處理不確定性和模糊性問題。 The next challenges will be the ability of HR managers to adapt from muscular to mental work (Alexandria, 1997). 下一個挑戰將是人力資源管理人員的適應能力即從體力勞動到腦力勞動的轉變（亞歷山大，1997年）。 沒有Repetitive physical labor that doesn't add value is increasingly being replaced by mental creativity. Routine and monotony are giving way to innovation and a break with tradition. In the past, people were considered to be merely workers, an old concept that associated people with things增加價值的重複體力勞動正被越來越多地腦力勞動所取代。常規和單調正在讓位於創新和打破傳統。在過去，人們都被認為僅僅是工人，把人和事聯絡在一起的舊概念。 Now people are considered purveyors of activities and knowledge whose most important contributions are their intelligence and individual talents.現在 ，人們被認為是活動的傳播者和具有知識，其有那此具備最重要的貢獻自已的智慧和個人才能。We are used to dealing with physical, repetitive manual labor; we need to become accustomed to dealing with mental, creative, and innovative work. 我們已經習慣於重複的體力勞動。我們需要習慣於處理思想性，創造性和創新性的工作。 What is more, another problem that may challenge HR managers in China is to organize employee to finish projects from solitary to collective activity (FangCai, 2005). 此外，另外一個問題 ，中國人力資源經理者將要面臨組織員工從過去的單一勞動轉變為集體的共同勞動的挑戰(FangCai, 2005)。 With the rising difficulty of complex and technology, it is almost impossible for only one person to finish a project. 隨著困難提升得越來越複雜和有技術，僅由個人來完成的專案這幾乎是不可能。 Thus teamwork is supplanting individual activity. 因此 ，團隊行為必然要取代個人行為。The old emphasis on individual efficiency (on which the total efficiency of the organization depended) is being replaced by group synergy. 對於舊的強調個體效率的（取決於該組織的總有效率之上）正在被集團的協同合作所取代。It's a matter of multiplying efforts, rather than simply adding them. 這是一個成倍的成果而不是簡單地將它們加到一起的事情。 We are used to individualized, isolated work; we need to change to high-performance teamwork.我們習慣個人化的，孤立的工作，我們需要改變成為高效的合作團隊。Thus the function of human resource managers is to offer the company the suitable person and coordinate the relationship among the team, especially in China, a country that highlights relationship and harmony very much. 因此 ， 人力資源管理的職能是努力為該公司提供合適的人選，並協調各團隊小組之間的關係，特別是在中國，國家非常強調關係和諧。Conclusion 結論 This article first analyses the changed functions of human resource management nowadays. 本文首先分析了人力資源管理在現今的職能轉變。 In terms of the staff-company relations, a trend of closer and humane relationship between staff and companies emerges. The model of HR outsourcing is showing its strong competitiveness and may become one of the main way that HR management to use. 在人員與公司的僱傭關係方面，員工與公司之間呈現出更加密切和和詣關係的趨勢。人力資源的外包模式正顯示出其強大的競爭力 ， 並可能成為人力資源管理所使用的主要方式之一。 Secondly, this article states that China today still stays in the exploring stage of human resource management. 其次，這篇文章指出 ， 在中國人力資源管理的仍然停留在探索階段。未完成的The uncompleted HRM system building, the single form of recruitment, the growing interview technologies and the lack of long- term motivation in Chinese enterprises, all these facts shows that China has a long way to go in the development of HRM.人力資源管理體系建設，單一的招聘模式，正在不斷增長的面試技術和在華企業缺乏長期的激勵制度，所有這些事實表明 ，中國在人力資源管理的發展方面還有很長的路要走 。 Thirdly, Challenges for HRM managers in China are tough and numerous.第三，中國人力資源管理面臨的挑戰是嚴峻和難巨的。 Changes from the Industrial Age to the Information Age, stability to change, muscular to mental work lead the challenges for Chinese HRM managers. To sum up, it is a long way to go for the development of human resource management in China.從工業時代到資訊時代的轉變，穩定的變化，體力勞動到腦力勞動所帶來中國人力資源管理挑戰。總而言之，中國的人力資源還需要一條很長的路要走。